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Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is an important statistical technique in the toolbox of methods that researchers in marketing and other social sciences disciplines frequently use in their empirical analyses. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on several misconceptions that have emerged as a result of the proposed “new guidelines” for PLS-SEM. The authors discuss various aspects related to current debates on when or when not to use PLS-SEM, and which model evaluation metrics to apply. In addition, this paper summarizes several important methodological extensions of PLS-SEM researchers can use to improve the quality of their analyses, results and findings.

The paper merges literature from various disciplines, including marketing, strategic management, information systems, accounting and statistics, to present a state-of-the-art review of PLS-SEM. Based on these findings, the paper offers a point of orientation on how to consider and apply these latest developments when executing or assessing PLS-SEM-based research.

This paper offers guidance regarding situations that favor the use of PLS-SEM and discusses the need to consider certain model evaluation metrics. It also summarizes how to deal with endogeneity in PLS-SEM, and critically comments on the recent proposal to adjust PLS-SEM estimates to mimic common factor models that are the foundation of covariance-based SEM. Finally, this paper opposes characterizing common concepts and practices of PLS-SEM as “out-of-date” without providing well-substantiated alternatives and solutions.

The paper paves the way for future discussions and suggests a way forward to reach consensus regarding situations that favor PLS-SEM use and its application.

This paper offers guidance on how to consider the latest methodological developments when executing or assessing PLS-SEM-based research.

This paper complements recently proposed “new guidelines” with the aim of offering a counter perspective on some strong claims made in the latest literature on PLS-SEM. It also clarifies some misconceptions regarding the application of PLS-SEM.

“The Need to Disrupt Social Control” discusses three examples: sexual assault, civil rights, and state security, and how all three involve social control forces that promote or permit the oppression of individuals, groups, and societies. Amentahru Wahlrab, Sarah M. Sass, and Robert Edward Sterken Jr. briefly provide examples of how social control can be disrupted including #MeToo (sexual assault), the American Civil Rights Movement (civil rights), and the Arab Spring (authoritarian regimes) to illustrate how social control has been disrupted in these areas. The chapter illustrates how patriarchal norms allow for sexual assault by those with power within contexts, such as Hollywood, academia, business, and politics. Sexual assault survivors and bystanders often do not report instances of assault due to informal social norms permitting such actions and fear of personal and professional harm.

On a different level, the jail in the American south was one of the most feared institutions for African Americans. It was not uncommon for an African American to never return from what would be a night in the “drunk tank” for a white person. Black Americans stayed “in their place” due to the threat of the jail cell. Finally, the chapter details how tyrants use the full weight of state security forces, including the police and the military, to maintain their control. Fear of security forces is routinely encouraged by arrests, torture, and even disappearance (of people) at the hands of the security forces. “The Need to Disrupt Social Control” concludes that in these cases, social control maintains an oppressive order of some kind, thus social control is understood as a potential negative.

The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics of novel silicon Schottky barrier (SB) photodiodes (PDs) with aluminium nitride (AlN) (100 nm) nucleation layer.

Comparison was made with conventional silicon SB PDs.

It was found that smaller dark current could be achieved with AlN nucleation layer. It was also found that effective SB height increased from 0.65 to 0.71 eV with the insertion of the AlN layer. The dark leakage current for the Schottky PDs with the AlN layer was shown to be about two orders of magnitude smaller than that for the conventional silicon SB PDs.

It is possible that the detrimental effect of interface states situated near the metal semiconductor interface was less pronounced for the sample owing to the insertion of the AlN nucleation layer.

There is believed to be no other report on silicon SB PDs capped with an AlN layer in the literature. This paper describes the fabricated silicon SB PDs and reports on the electrical characteristics of the devices with an AlN nucleation layer grown at low temperature.

This study aims to provide a response to calls for research on the consequences of technostress among employees in smart hotels. Based on the person–environment fit and job demands–resources theories, the authors offer a theoretical framework and investigate how factors affect employees’ well-being and performance. Further, the authors investigate the moderating effects of organizational learning on the relationship between technostress and employee well-being and performance.

The authors developed and empirically tested a research model based on a survey of 454 respondents in China. The effect of technostress was analyzed by applying the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling.

The results support that technostress negatively affects employee well-being (e.g. engagement and overall well-being) and performance. Employee well-being mediates the relationship between technostress and performance. Organizational learning has a countervailing moderating impact on employee well-being and performance. Specifically, organizational learning significantly counteracts the relationship between technostress and performance while significantly exacerbating the relationship between technostress and engagement.

This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of technostress in smart hotels and provides practical recommendations for assisting hotel managers in improving employee well-being and performance.

This work represents an early attempt to investigate the impact of technostress on employee well-being and performance in smart hotels. The countervailing moderating effect of organizational learning on employee engagement and performance is identified. In addition, this study is an initial attempt at estimating the predictive contribution of the mediating effects of employee engagement and overall well-being in the relationship between technostress and employee performance in smart hotels.

这项研究响应了对研究智能酒店员工存在的技术压力的号召。基于人与环境的契合和工作需求——资源理论, 我们提供了一个理论框架并调查如何影响员工的幸福感和绩效的因素。此外, 我们调查了组织学习对技术压力以及员工福利和绩效关系的调节作用。

我们开发并实证检验了一项基于对中国 454 名受访者的调查的研究模型。通过应用偏最小二乘结构方程模型对技术压力的影响进行分析。

结果显示技术压力对员工幸福感产生负面影响（例如, 参与度和整体幸福感）和绩效。员工幸福感对技术压力和绩效之间的关系有显著中介作用。组织学习对员工的幸福感和表现起到了抵消性的调节作用。具体而言, 组织学习显着抵消了技术压力和绩效之间的关系, 同时显着增加技术压力和参与度之间的关系。

本研究有助于加深对智能酒店技术人员的理解并提供实用建议以协助酒店管理人员改善员工福利和表现。

这项研究代表了技术压力对智能酒店员工福利和绩效影响的早期尝试。本论文确定了组织学习在员工参与度和工作表现关系之间的抵消调节作用。此外, 这项研究是探索智能酒店员工参与度以及整体幸福感在技术压力与员工绩效之间关系的中介效应的初步尝试。

This study assesses the quality of health-insurance services and their impact on customer satisfaction, examining the mediating role of utilitarian value and brand image in this relationship.

Survey data were collected from 345 health-insurance companies' customers selected through convenience sampling and were analyzed using SmartPLS.

Service quality statistically significantly influences customer satisfaction with health insurance in Saudi Arabia, whereas brand image and utilitarian value partially mediate this relationship. The structural path between service quality and brand image was statistically significant and positive. The utilitarian dimension positively affects customer satisfaction and service quality.

This study is significant to the management, as it provides insight into the expectations of health-insurance users. The focus is to gain a competitive advantage by improving customer service and brand image.

This investigation contributes to the field by exploring the mediating role of utilitarian value and brand image in the relationship between health-insurance quality and customer satisfaction based on the information provided by insurance policyholders in Saudi Arabia.

The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of the intellectual capital of SMEs on innovation and organizational performance in the context of an emerging country.

The sample consisted of 259 industrial SMEs from the Cordoba, Argentina. The data were analyzed by partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM).

The study provides empirical evidence that the three components of intellectual capital generate positive and significant effects on innovation in processes and products. Structural capital is the component that has the greatest effect on innovation. It also showed a positive and significant relationship between innovation in processes and performance, contributing to the scarce empirical literature in the context of SMEs.

The research exposes limitations that uncover a path for future. First, the work uses as the only source of information, the consultation at the highest level of the company. Second, the study covered only industrial companies. Future studies should focus on other sectors and countries.

The results may have important practical implications for SME owners and managers and offer a vision of the influence of intellectual capital on the innovative capacity of the organization.

The value of work lies in establishing the importance of intellectual capital in the environment of an emerging country such as Argentina, given the low level of knowledge that exists in this area.

Expanded awareness and application of recent PLS-SEM reporting practices were again called for by Hair (2022) in his PLS 2022 Keynote Address. This paper aims to analyze and extend the application of PLS-SEM in Industrial Management and Data Systems (IMDS) to focus on trends emerging in the more recent 2016–2022 period.

A review of PLS-SEM applications in information systems studies published in IMDS and MISQ for the period 2012–2022 identifies and comments on a total of 135 articles. Selected emerging advanced analytical PLS-SEM applications are also highlighted to expand awareness of their value in more rigorously evaluating model results.

There is a continually increasing maturity of the information systems field in applying PLS-SEM, particularly for IMDS authors. Model complexity and improved prediction assessment as well as other advanced analytical options are increasingly identified as reasons for applying PLS-SEM.

Findings demonstrate the continued use and acceptance of PLS-SEM as a useful alternative research methodology within IS. PLS-SEM is the preferred SEM method in many research settings, but particularly when the research objective is prediction to the population, mediation and mediated moderation, formative constructs are specified, constructs must be modeled as higher-order and for competing model comparisons.

This update on PLS-SEM applications and recent methodological developments will help authors to better understand and apply the method, as well as publish their work. Researchers are encouraged to engage in more complete analyses and include enhanced reporting procedures.

Applications of PLS-SEM for prediction, theory testing and confirmation are increasing. Information systems scholars should continue to exercise sound practice by reporting reasons for using PLS-SEM and recognizing its wider applicability for both exploratory and confirmatory research.